INFORMATION ABOUT HIMALAYAN RIVERS
THE INDUS SYSTEM(INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTOARIES)
- INDUS: (One of the world’s largest river)
- Source: Tibet, at an altitude of 5,180 m near Mansarovar Lake.
- Total length: 2,880km (709km in India)
- River Basin: 1,165,00 sq.km (321,290 sq.km in India)
Information:
- Mountain tributaries; Gilgit Shyok, Skardu, Shigoo.
- Plain tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
- JHELUM: (An important river of kashmir and is the main waterway)
- Source: Rises in Verinag at the foothills of Pirpranjal.
- Total length: 400 km/ River Basin: 28,490 sq.km (in India)
Information:
- Its basin lies between Great Himalaya and Pir Pranjal Range.
- It flows through Vale of Kashmir and Wular Lake before entering into Pakistan.
3.CHENAB: (largest of all the Indus tributaries)
- Source: Rises in snow covered Kullu hills of Himachal Pradesh.
- Total length: 1,800 (in India)/ River Basin: 26,755 sq.km (in India)
Information:
- Flows through Chamba state for 160 km in the trough between the Greater Himalaya and the Pir Panjal.
- RAVI
- Source: Kullu hills of H.P
- Total Length: 725 km/ River Basin: 5,957( in India)
- SUTLEJ: (Second largest tributary of Indus)
- Source: Rakas Lake, at an altitude of 4,555 m in Tibet
- Total Length:1050km (in India)/ River Basin: 25,087 sq.km(in India)
Information:
- It enters India through Shipki La and flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab before entering into Pakistan.
- BEAS
- Source: Kullu hills at an altitude of 4,000 m
- Total Length:470 km( in India)/ River Basin:25,900 sq.km (in India)
- Information: It joins Stulej near Harike.
THE GANGA SYSTEM (GANGA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES)
The Ganga: Formed by two head streams Alaknada and Bhagirathi which join at Devprayag.
- Source: Rises in Gangotri glacier of the Great Himalaya. Above Devaprayag it is called as Bhagirathi and below it is referred to as the Ganga.
- Total Length: Of its total length of 2,525 k.m, 1,450 k.m in Bihar and 520 km in WB.
- River Basin: 838,200 sq.km. Largest river basin in India, Covers more than fourth of the country’s total surface.
Information:
- Left Bank tributaries; Ramganga, Gomati, Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Kosi.
- Right Bank tributaries; Yamuna, Son.
The Bhagirathi – Hooghly is the western most distributary of the river. Beyond Frakka it bifurcates itself into Bhagirathi Hooghly in WB and Padma-Meghna in Bangladesh.
The Yamuna (Largest and the most important tributary of Ganga)
- Source: Rises in the Yamunotri glacier which is west of Ganga source.
- Total Length: 1,376 km fromits source to Allahabad where it joins Ganga.
- River Basin: 3,59,000 sq. km
- Information: Important tributaries; Chamba (rises in Mhow in the Vindhya)Sidndh, Betwa and Ken.
The Son: (Right bank tributary of Ganga)
- Source: Rises from the Amarkantak Plateau
- Total Length: 780 km/ River Basin: 71,900 sq,.km
- Information: It joins Ganga near Ramnagar.
Ramganga:
- Source: Rises in the Kumaun Himalaya near Nanital
- Total Length: 690 km/ River Basin: 32,800 sq,km
- Information: It joins the left bank of Ganga near Chapra (Bihar).
Ghagra:
- Source: Rises from east of Gangotri,
- Total Length: 1,080 km
- River’s Basin: 127, 500 sq,km More than half of its basin is in Nepal.
- Information: It joins the left bank of Ganga near Chapra(Bihar).
Gandak:
- Source: Rises near the Nepal-China border at an altitude of 7,600m in the Central Himalaya.
- Total Length:425 km(in India) / River Basin:48,500, 9,500 sq.km (in India)
- Information: It flows through eastern Nepal, enters Bihar in Champaran district and turn south east to join the left banh of Ganga near Sonepur.
Kosi: (formed by the confluence of the Son Kosi, the Arun Kosi and the Tamur Kosi)
- Source: Rises from the peak of Nepal Tibet and Sikkim
- Total Length: 730km (in India)/ River’s Basin:86,900, 21,500 sq, km (in India)
- Information: It flows through eastern Nepal, enters Bihar in Saharasa district and joins the left bank of Ganga below Bhagalpur (Bihar). The river is notorious for shifting its course and causing floods, thus often termed as the ‘Sorrow of Bihar.
Damodar: (Sorrow of Bengal)
- Source: Rises in Chota Nagpur plateau in the Plalamau district (Jharkand)
- Total Length: 541 km/ River’s Basin: 22,000 sq.km
- Information: It joins the Bhagirathi Hooghly in West Bengal
THE BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM (BRAHMAPUTRA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES)
Brahmaputra or Tsangpo (Tibet)
- Source: Rises in the Chemayungdung glacier in the Kailash Range and Mariam La
- pass separates it from Mansarovar Lake.
- Total Length: 2,900 km one of the longest rivers of the world.
- River’s Basin: 240,000 sq,km
- Information: Important tributaries: Subansiri Kameng, Dhansiri, Dilhang, Lohit, Tista, Torsa. Manas; Burhi Dihing, etc. It flows through Tibet, India and Bangladesh and forms the large delta of the world along with Ganga.
PENINSULAR RIVERS
Mahanadi: (An important river of the peninsular India)
- Source: Northern foothills of Dandakarnaya near Shiawa in Raipur district.
- Length: 857km/ River’s Basin: 141,600 sq.km in M.P., Orissa, Bihar and Maharashtra
- Information: Left bank tributaries; Sheonath, Hasdeo, Ib and Mand. Right bank tributaries ; tel, Ong, and Jonk.
Subarnarekha, Brahmi and Baitarni:
Information:
- These smaller river basins are interposed between the Ganga and the Mahanadi basin.
GODAVARI:
- Source: Trimbak plateau of north Sahyadri near Nasik (Maharashtra)
- Length: 1465 (longest river of Peninsular India)
- River’s Basin: 312,812 half of which lies in Maharashtra and also in Andhra Pradesh ,M.P., Orissa, and Karnataka.
- Information: Largest river system of the Peninsular India and is next only to the Ganga system in India. Left bank tributaries; Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga, Indravati and Sabri. Right Bank tributaries: Manjra.
KRISHNA: (Second largest east flowing river of the Peninsula)
- Source: North of Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats.
- Length: Flows for a distance of 1,400 km to the Bay of Bengal
- River’s Basin: 258,948 sq.km. Lies in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
- Information: Important tributaries: Bhima, Tungabhadra, Ghatprbha, Malaprabha, Musi and Koyna.
Kaveri
- Source: Rises in the Brahmgiri Range of Western Ghats.
- Length: 800km
- River’s Basin: 87,900 sq.km.- Shared by Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
- Information: Left bank tributaries: Herangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavati, etc.
- Right bank tributaries: Kabani, Bhavani and Amravati etc.
WEST FLOWING RIVER
Sabarmati:
- Source: Mewar hills in Aravalli Range.
- Length: 320km/ River’s Basin: 21,674 sq. km. Shared by Rajasthan and Gujarat.
- Information: Important tributaries: Hathmati, Sedhi, Wakul, etc.
Mahi:
- Source: Vindhya Range at an altitude of 500 m.
- Length: 533km/ River’s Basin:34,862sq.km
- Information: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat share the river basin.
Narmada: Largest west flowing Peninsular river)
- Source: Rises in Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh.
- Length: 1312 km ( from its source to its estuary in the Gulf of Khambhat)
- River’s Basin:98,796 sq.km which it shared by M.P. Gujarat and Maharashtra.
- Information: Left bank tributaries: Tawa Burhner, etc. Right Bank tributaries: Hiran world’s famous Dhuan Dhar or Cloud of Mist Falls is located on this river. It flows through a rift valley between the Vidhyas and the Satpura Range.
Tapti or Tapi: (Second largest of west flowing river of Peninsula)
- Source: Rises near Multai on the Satpura Range in Betul district (M.P)
- Length: 740 km
- River’s Basin: 65,145 sq.km in M.p., Maharashtra and Gujarat
- Information: Left bank tributaries: Purna, Veghar, Girna, Bari and the Punjhar
- Right Bank tributaries: Betul, Arunavati, Ganjal and Gomai. It is also Known as the ‘twin’ or handmaid of the Narmada.
RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
Bhakra Nangal Multipurpose Project.
- Bhakra dam: One of highest gravity dam in the world. Govind Sagar Lake (H.P) is a reservoir.
- River: Sutlej(A tributary of Indus)
- State: Joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
- Purpose: Irrigation, Hydro electricity.
Thein Dam Project:
- River: Ravi ( A tributary of Indus)
- State: Punjab
- Purpose: Irrigation, hydroelectricity
Dulhasti project:
- River: Chenab (A tributary of Indus)
- State: Jammu and kashmir
- Purpose: Part of the prgramme of cascade development for irrigation
Salal project:
- River: Chenab
- State: Jammu and Kashmir
- Purpose: Irrigation
Beas project:
- River: Beas (A tributary of Indus)
- State: Joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
- Purpose: Hydro electricity
Sharda Sahayak Project:
- River: Ghagra ( left bank tributary of Ganga)
- State: Uttar Pradesh
- Purpose: Irrigation
Ramganga multipurpose project
- River: Chuisot stream near Kalabagh
- State: Uttar Pradesh
- Purpose: Irrigation, hydroelectricity
Banasagar project
- River: Son
- State: M.P., Bihar and U.p.,
- Purpose: Irrigation
Rihand scheme Reservoir: Govind Ballabh Sagar (U.P)
- River: Rihand
- State: Uttar Pradesh
- Purpose: Hydroelectricity for the development of south eastern industrial region of U.P.
Damodar Valley multipurpose project
- Four dams: Tilaiya and Maithon (on the Barakar River), konar (konar River) and Panchet (Damodar River)
- State: West Bengal(also shared by Jharkhand)
- Purpose: Flood control, Irrigation, Hydroelectricity.
Mayurakashi project
- River: Mayurkashi
- State: West Bengal (also shared by Jharkhand)
- Purpose: Flood control, Irrigation, Hydroelectricity.
Hirakud multipurpose project (world’s longest main stream dam)
- River: Mahanadi
- State: Orissa
- Purpose: Irrigation , Hydroelectricity
Poochampad Project
- River: Godavari
- State: Andhra Pradesh
- Purpose: Irrigation
Jaykawadi Project:
- River: Godavari
- State: Maharashtra
- Purpose: Irrigation
Nagarjuna Sagar
- River: Krishna
- State: Andhra Pradesh
- Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity
Upper Krishna Project
- River: Krishna
- State: Andhra Pradesh
- Purpose: Irrigation
Tunghbhadra multipurpose project
- River: Tungbhadra (A tributary of Krishna)
- State: Joint venture of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
- Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity.
Ghat Prabha project
- River: Ghatprabha ( A tributary of Krishna)
- State: Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
- Purpose: Irrigation
Malprabha project:
- River: Malprobha( A tributary of Krishna)
- State: Karnataka
- Purpose: Irrigation
Bhima project:
- River: Bhima
- State: Maharashtra
- Purpose: Irrigation
Mettur projects
- River: Kavery
- State: Tamil Nadu
- Purpose: Hydroelectricity
Shivasamudram Scheme on Cauvery Falls
- River: kavery
- State: Karnataka. Purpose: Hydroelectricity
Kundah project:
- River:Kundah
- State: Tamil Nadu
- Purpose: Hydroelectricity
Sharavati project (near Jog falls)
- River: Sharavati
- State: Karnataka
- Purpose: Hydroelectricity
Chambal project:(Gandhi Sagar Dam M.P), Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar
- Sagar Dam or Kota Dam
- River: Chambal (a tributary of Yamuna)
- State: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh
- Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity
Kakrapara Project
- River: Tapi
- State: Gujarat
- Purpose: Irrigation
Ukai project
- River: Tapi
- State: Gujarat
- Purpose:Irrigation
Sardar Sarovar Project
- River: Narmada
- State: Gujarat, M.P., Rajasthan Maharashtra
- Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity
Tawa project:
- River: Tawa ( A tributary of Narmada)
- State: Madhya Pradesh
- Purpose: Irrigation
Mahi project (Jamnalal Bajaj Sagar)
- River: Mahi
- State: Gujarat
- Purpose: Irrigation
Matatila project:
- River: Betwa
- State: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
- Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity.
FOOD CROPS DISTRIBUTION
RICE(KHARIF CROP)
- Conditions Required
- Temperature: not below 21o C
- Rainfall: More than 125cm
- Soil: Clayey loam best suited
- Distribution (in order of Production)
- West Bengal, 2. U P, 3. Andhra Pradesh, 4. Punjab, 5.Tamil Nadu, MP, Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Haryana, Kerala
WHEAT (RABI CROP)
- Conditions Required
- Temperature: 10 – 15o C (winder) 21o – 26o C (Summer)
- Rainfall: 75cm -100cm (moderate)
- Soil: Well drained fertile, friable loams, and clay loams
Distribution (In order of Production)
- Uttar Pradesh, 2. Punjab, 3. Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Gujarat
- MILLETS
BAJRA
- Condition Required
- Temperature: 25o – 30o C
- Rainfall: 40 – 50cm
- Soil: Poor light sandy soils, black and red soils
- Distribution (in order of Production)
- Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana
BARLEY
- Condition Required
- Temperature: 10 – 15o C
- Rain fall: 75 cm to 100cm
- Soil: Light clay and alluvial soil
- Distribution (In order of production)
- Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar, HP, WB
CASH CROPS
COTTON
- Conditions Required
- Kharif crop of tropical and subtropical areas.
- Temperature : 21o – 30o C but not below 21o C. 210 frost free days.
- Rainfall: 50 – 100cm or irrigation facility.
- Soil: Deep black soil (regur), even grows in alluvial soils and laterite soils.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
- Punjab, 2. Maharashtra 3. Gujarat 4. Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh
JUTE
Condition Required
- Second important fibre crop of India, crop of hot and humid climate.
- Temperature: 24o – 35o C
- Rainfall: heavy rainfall of 120 – 150 cm with 80 – 90 percent of relative humidity.
- Soil: light sandy or clayey loams.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
- West Bengal (70 percent of the production, over 60 percent of the area)
- Bihar, Assam, Orissa
SUGAR CANE
- Temperature: 21o – 27o C
- Rainfall: 70 – 150 cm or irrigation facilities with high humidity.
- Soil: tolerate any type of soil that can retain moisture.
Distribution (In order of Production)
- Uttar Pradesh, 2. Maharashtra, 3. Tamil Nadu (highest yield/hectare), Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Orissa
TOBACCO
Condition Required
- Plant of tropical and subtropical climates and frost is harmful
- Temperature: 16o – 35o C
- Rainfall: 50 – 100 cm or irrigation facilities
- Soil: Well- drained friable loam.
Distribution (In order of Production)
- Gujarat (90 percent of Tobacco from Vadodara and Kheda districts).
2. Andhra Pradesh (West and East Godavari, Prakasham, Kurnool and Nellore are the main producing districts) Other areas of minor production (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Karnataka (c) West Bengal.
PLANTATION CROPS
TEA
Condition Required
- Tropical and subtropical plant, which thrives well in hot and humid climate.
- Temperature: 20o – 30o C
- Rainfall: 150 – 300cm (well distributed)
- Soil: forest soil rich in humus and iron content is the best suited.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
- Assam (the Brahmaputra valley, Soorma valley)
- West Bengal (the Duars, Darjeeling)
- Tamil Nadu (highest yield per hectare)
- Kerala (Kottayam, Kollam and Tiruvananthapuram district).
- Other areas of minor production
- Tripura, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh (Kangra valley)
COFFEE
Condition Required
- Crops of hot and humid climate
- Temperature: 15o – 28o C but does not tolerate frost.
- Rainfall: 150 – 250cm
- Soil: well drained rich friable loams with rich in humus, iron and calcium.
Distribution (In order of Production)
- Karnataka (80 percent of total coffee production)
- Kerala (13 percent of total production)
- Tamil Nadu
RUBBER
Condition Required
- Temperature: 25o – 35o C
- Rainfall: about 300 cm (well distributed throughout the year)
- Soil: well drained loamy soil of hilly region.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
- Kerala(above 90 percent of total production, Kottayam, Ernakulum,
Kozhikode and Kollan are the main producing districts)
- Tamil Nadu
- Karnataka
OTHER CROPS
MAIZE
- Condition Required: Rainfall Kharif Crops
- Temperature: 21o – 27o C
- Rain fall: 50 – 100 cm
- Soil: well drained alluvial, or red loams
Distribution (In order of production)
- Bihar, 2. Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh
JOWAR
Conditions Required: Both Kharif and Robi crops
- Temperature: 26o – 33o C for kharif crops and not below 16oC for rabi crops
- Rainfall: >30 cm but <100 cm; rainfed crop in dry farming areas
- Soil: Variety of soil including clayey, sandy
Distribution ( In order of Production)
- Maharashtra, 2. Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat
RAGI
Conditions Required
- Temperature: 20o – 30o C
- Soil: red, light black and sandy loams
Distribution ( In order of Production)
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
GRAM
Conditions Required: Most important of all pulses
- Temperature: 20o – 25o C
- Rainfall: 40 – 45cm
- Soil: Grows well in loamy soil
Distribution (In order of Production)
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Maharashtra (These five states produce over 90 percent gram of India)
NON METALLIC MINERALS
MICA, ASBESTOS, GYPSUM, LIMESTONE, DOLOMITE, ATOMIC
MINERALS DIOMAND
MICA: (Abhrak) valuable mineral in electrical and electronic industry.
- Distribution: Bihar – Gaya, Hazaribagh (now in Jharkhand), (Largest mica
- producing state of India) Andhra Pradesh – Nellore. Rajasthan – Ajmer, Bewar, Tonk, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Banswara.
LIME STONE:
- 75% used in cement industry 16% in irons and steel industry. 4% inchemical industry.
Distribution:
- Madhya Pradesh- Satna, Jabalpur, Betul, Sagar and Rewa.
- Chhattisgarh – Bilaspur, Raigarh, Raipur and Durg.
- Andhra Pradesh-Adilabad, Warangal, Nalgonda, Mohboobnagar, Guntur
- Karnataka – Bijapur, Gulbarga, Shimoga (cement grade limestone)
- Rajasthan – Jhunjhunu, Bikaner, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi, Udaipur
- Chittorgarh, Ajmer, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Banswara.
- Gujarat – Banaskantha, Amreli Junagadh, Surat, Kachchh, Kheda and Panchmahals.
DOLOMITE:
Distribution:
- Bihar –Rohtas
- Jharkhand – Chaibasa in Sighbhum district and Palamau district.
- Orissa (largest produces)-Sundargarh, Sambalpur, and Koraput districts
- Madhya Pradesh – Chhindwara, Jhabua, Jabalpur, Balaghat,
- Chhatisgarh – Bilaspur, Durg and Bastar district.
- Gujarat – Bhavnagar and Vadodara district.
ASBESTOS:
- Used for making fire proof cloth, rope, paper, paint, etc. and also asbestos cement products like sheets etc.
- Distribution: Rajasthan – Alwar, Ajmer, Pali, Udaipur and Dungarpur districts,
- Andhra Pradesh – Cuddapah district., Karnataka – Shimoga, Chickmagalur, Hassan, Mandya and Mysore districts.
GYPSUM:
- Mainly used in making of ammonia sulphate fertilizer in cement industry and in making plaster of paris, etc.
Distribution:
- Rajasthan – (largest producer of gypsum in India): Churu, Ganganagar, Bikaner,
- Jaisalmer, Nagaur and Pali districts produce 95 percent of the total gypsum of India.
- Jammu and Kashmir – Baramula and Doda districts.
- Tamil Nadu – Tiruchirapalli
DIAMOND:
Distribution:
- Madhya Pradesh – Panna
- Andhra Pradesh – Anantpur, Kurnoot
- Marnataka – Bellary.
ATOMIC MINERALS
(URANIUM, THORIUM)
URANIUM:
Distribution:
- Bihar – Gaya
- Jharkhand – Hazaribagh and Singhbhum.
- Uttar Pradesh – Saharanpur
- Rajasthan – Udaipur.
- Kerala – Uranium from monazile sand of coastal regions.
THORIUM:
Distribution:
- Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Rajasthan.
METALLIC MINERALS
(IRON, BUXITE, COPPER, LEAD/ZINC, MANGNESE, MAGNESIUM, GOLD.)
IRON:
Distribution:
- Jharkhand: Singhbhum (Noamundi, Sindurpur, Kiriburu)
- Orissa – Mayurbhanj( Gurumahisani., Badampahar, Sulaiput), Keonjhar
- Madhya Pradesh – Jabalpur, Balaghat
- Chhatisgarh – Durg (Dalli Rajara), Bastar (Bailadila)
- Andhra Pradesh – Guntur, Kurnool
- Tamil Nadu – Salem, Tiruchirapalli
- Maharashtra – Surajgarh, Lohra-Piplagaon Ratnagir.
- Kerala – Kozhikode
BAUXITE:
Distribution:
- Jharkhand – Palamanu, Ranchi
- Madhya Pradesh – Katni, Amarkantak, Maikata Range.
- Chhattisgarh – Sarguja, Raigarh and Bilaspur.
- Orissa – Kalahandi, Koraput
- Tamil Nadu – Salem, Nilgiri, Coimbature and Madurai.
- Gujarat – Sabarkanha, Jamnagar, Surat.
- Maharashtra – Kalaba, Ratnagiri, Kolhapur.
- Karnataka – Belgaum.
COPPER
Distribution:
- Jharkhand – Hazaribagh, Singhbhum.
- Madhya Pradesh – Balaghat (Malanjkhand belt)
- Andhra Pradesh – Khammam, Guntur and Kurnool
- Rajasthan – Jhunjhunu, Khetri, Alwar, Bhilenara and Udaipur.
- Maharashtra – Chandrapur
- Karnataka – Chitradurga, Hassan.
LEAD AND ZINC:
Distribution:
- Sikkim, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh (Cuddapah)
- Rajasthan- Zawar(Udaipur) Aguncha – Rampura (Bhilwara)
- Gujarat _ Banaskantha, Panchmaha, Vadodra, Surat.
LIGNITE COAL:
Distribution:
- Tamil Nadu – Neyveli
- Jammua and Kashmir, Rajasthan (Palana in Bikaner dist.)
- Gujarat (Umrasar)
TERTIARY COAL FIELD:
Distribution:
- Assam – Makum (Sibsagar), Najtra, Janji
- Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh(Namchik, Namphuk)
OIL FIELDS:
Distribution:
- Assam –Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran, and Sibsagar.
- Gujarat – Mehsana, Cholka, Kalol, Nawagam, Ankaleshwar and Kosamba
OFF SHRE OIL FIELDS
Distribution:
- Mumbai High, Bassein, Ravva, Aliabet
OIL REFINERIES:
Distribution:
- Assam – Digboi(IOC), Guwahati (IOC), Bongaigaon
- Bihar – Barauni (IOC)
- Uttar Pradesh – Mathura
- Gujarat – Koyali, Jamnagar (largest oil refineries)
- Maharashtra – Mumbai (BPCL)
- Karnataka – Mangalore(MRPL)
- Kerala – Kochi(CRI)
- West Bengal – Haldia (IOC)
- Andhra Pradesh – Vishakhapatnam (HPCL)
- Tamil Nadu – Chennai (MRI)
IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES OF INDIA
COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY:
- The oldest and the larges t organized modern industry of India.
MANUFACTURING CENTRES:
Maharashtra (122mills)
- Mumbai (63 mills), largest centre,
- Other centre: Nagpur, Amaravati, Wardha, Jalgaon, Aurangabad, Pune, Satara, Scholapur, and Kolhapur
Gujarat (118 mills)
- Ahmedabad (73 mills), Second largest centre after Mumbai
- Other centres: Porbandar, Rajkot, Vadodra, Surat.
Madhya Pradesh:
- Bhopal, Indore, Dewas, Ujjain, Ratlam, Gwalior, Jabalpur, etc
Tamil Nadu
- Coimbatore. (Most important centre). Other centres – Chennai, Perambur, Salem, Tirchirapalli, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, etc,
West Bengal
- Kolkata (Most important centre).
- Other centre: Howrah, Serampur, Murshidabad,etc.
Uttar Pradesh
- Kanpur (largest centre). Other centres: Varanasi, Mirzapur, Lucknow, Agra, Modinagar, Saharanput, etc.
- Rajasthan: Jaipur, Pali, Bhilwar, Kota, Udaipur, Ganganagar.
- Karnataka: Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Chitradurga, Belgaum.
- Orissa: Cuttack
- Punjab: Amritsar, Dhariwal, Phagwara, Ludhiana.
- Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram, Alleppey
- Bihar: Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur.
- AP: Hyderabad, Secundarabad, Rajahmundry, East Godavari and Udayagiri.
JUTE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
- First large scale industry was established in 1855 at Rishra,(near Serampur) in Bengal.
- This industry suffered a great setback because of partition in 1947 because 80 percent of Jute producing area went to Bangladesh while all Jute mills remained in India
MANUFACTURING CENTRES
West Bengal (56 mills):
- Kolkata (Calcutta)
- Other centres: Rishra, Serampore, Titagarh etc. mainly along the both banks of Hooghli river.
- Andhra Pradesh: Vishakapatna, Eluru, Guntur and Ongole.
- Uttar Pradesh: Kanpur, Gorakhpur and Shahjawan.
- Bihar: Darbhanga, Samastipur, Purnea, Katihar and Gaya
- Chhattisgarh: Raigarh
- Orissa : Cuttack
WOOLLEN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
One of the oldest textile Industries of India
MANUFACTURING CENTRES
- Punjab (257 mills): Dhari (largest centre), Amristsar, Ludhianan and Patiala
- Maharashtra (31 mills):
- Mumbai (industry based on imported wool), Jalgaon, Ambernath.
Uttar Pradesh:
- Kanpur(Largest Woollen Textile centre in the state), Modinagar, Allahabad, Varanai and Mirzapur.
- Gujarat: Jamnagar, Kalol, Vadodara.
- Other important states:
- Karnataka : Bangalore, Bellary Tamil Nadu: Chennai, Salem
- J&K (Srinagar), HP(Kullu), WB(Kolkata)
SILK & SYNTHETIC FIBRE INDUSTRY
MANUFACTURING CENTRES
- Karnataka: Bangalore, Kolar, and Mysore
- West Bengal: Murshidabad, Bankura, 24 Parganas and Birbhum district
- Jammu and Kashmir: Srinagar(big centre),Baramula, Anantnag, Udhampur, Jammu
- Bihar: Bhagalpur (famous for silk industry), Patna, Gaya.
- Jharkhand: Palamu, Hazaribagh.
- Madhya Pradesh: Birlanagar, Viragram and Indore.
- Uttar Pradesh: Varanasi
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES:
- Fourth largest set of industries after textiles, iron and steel and engineering industries.
- Products of chemical industry are more multifarious than of nay other industries of equal importance.
HEAVY INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Alkali Chemicals:
- Caustic Soda: Widely used to manufacture paper, textile, soaps and detergents and alumina.
- Manufacturing Centres:
- West Bengal: Kolkata, Titagarh Gujarat: Porbandar, Mithapur
- Maharashtra: Thane, Nepa paper mills in Nagpur
Soda Ash
- Sodium Choride and Limestone mainly used in the manufacture of soap, paper, textile, glass, detergents and refined petroleum.
Manufacturing Centres:
- Gujarat: Mithapur, Okha, Uttar Pradesh: Varanasi Punjab: Nangal
- Tamil Nadu: Tuticorin
Acids
- Sulphuric Acid:
- Used for manufacturing synthetic fibre, fertilizer, plastics, paints and dyestuffs.
- Nitric Acid: Bulk of production from fertilizer factory.
Manufacturing Centres:
- Rajasthan: Hindustran Zinc, Debari, Hindustan Copper, Khetri
- Maharashtra: Mumbai, FCI in Trombay (largest producer)
- Tamil Nadu: Chennai; Jharkhand: Jamshedpur; Kerala: Alwaye; West Bengal: Kolkata, ;Delhi
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Petrochemical Industry:
Raw materials derived from petrochemical resources and industries are concentrated near petroleum and coal fields region. Used to produce petroleum byproducts like synthetic fibres, plastics and rubber.
Manufacturing centres:
Trombay: UnionCarbide India Lid. (First petrochemical industry).
Koyali: Udex plant; Vadodara: Indian Petrochemical Ltd (IPCL), first public sector enterprises; Chennai: Madras Petrochemical Ltd. ;Thane: National Organic
Chemicals Ltd. Bongaigon: Second public sector enterprises.