• The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, came into force to address deforestation.
• Though the Indian Forest Act has been in force since 1927, it was geared to allow the colonial British administration to control the extraction of timber and not aimed at preserving forests or addressing deforestation.
• While States had already notified forest land, the FCA made it necessary to get the Centre’s permission for using such forest land for “non forestry purposes” and the creation of an advisory committee to recommend such re-classification.

• There have been at least two major amendments to the FCA — in 1988 and 1996.
• Till 1996, State Governments, Union Territory Administrations and Central Government used to apply the provisions of the Act only to the forests notified under the Indian Forest Act, 1927 or any other local law, and to forests which were under the management or control of the Forest Department.
• However what constituted a “forest” was dramatically expanded following a Supreme Court judgment in a petition filed by the late Godavarman Thirumulpad.
• Now, “forest” also included all areas recorded as “forest” in any government record, irrespective of ownership, recognition and classification; all areas that conformed to the “dictionary” meaning of “forest”, and all areas which are identified as “forest” by an expert committee constituted by the Supreme Court following the 1996 order.
• This judgment also paved the way for the calculating the net present value, or the economic value of the portion of forest being razed for development work that had to be paid by project proponents; the creation of a compensatory afforestation fund; and providing non-forestry land in lieu of the diverted forest.

• The essential tension in the FCA is that the state is committed to a principle of increasing forest cover, and this makes it harder to access land for infrastructure projects by States and private entities.
• India’s aim is to have at least 33% of India’s geographical area under forest and tree cover, and increasing the latter is a major thrust. 
• So far, forest cover is around 22% and because increasing core forest land is increasingly hard, the mode of expansion includes expanding the notion of what constitutes forest land. 
• Thus, even degraded lands, if they have been recorded anywhere as “forest” in land records count, and even commercial plantations or regions with trees of a certain canopy cover and density count as “forest”.
• On the other hand, with more land coming under the definition of “forest”, it’s becoming harder for State Governments or private industry to use land that falls under the definition of “forest” for non-forestry purposes. 
• Through the years, this has given rise to multiple instances of litigation, as well questions on the legal definition of “forest”. 
• States have been told to provide a definition of what constitutes a forest, but several haven’t given them because this has political consequences. All of this has led to conflicting interpretations of the FCA through the years.

What is the latest amendment to Forest Conservation Act 1980?

• Recently, the Environment Ministry has released a “consultative paper” that spells out proposed changes. This is open to public comment. 

  

• Broadly, it proposes to exempt certain categories of infrastructure project developers from approaching the Centre for permission to use forest land for non-forestry purposes.
• For instance, it has proposed exempting agencies involved in national security projects, border infrastructure projects, land owned by the Railways or the Road Transport Ministry that was acquired before 1980 or when the Act came into force.
• India, as part of its climate change action plan, has committed to create a carbon sink to lock in 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030. This can be achieved only through planting trees on private land and the current laws pose an impediment to encouraging private landowners to grow more trees.
• The Ministry has proposed some provisions where the penalties of non-compliance could include jail terms, but the overall tenor of the proposal is to make it a little easier to use forest land for non-forestry purposes. However, this still requires approval by the Cabinet and possibly the Parliament.

Perspectives on amendments

• This is an attempt to sanction pending and newline projects like railways and highways.
• The proposed amendments completely ignore the existence of the Forest Rights Act, 2006. This is deliberate and condemnable.
• The most important amendment should have been to incorporate the provisions of the Forest Rights Act, 1980 into the Forest Conservation Act, 1980.
• The Gram Sabhas, under Section 3(1)(i), along with Section 5 of the Forest Rights Act, 2006 are the primary authority to decide whether any part of the forest should be diverted or used for any purposes, whether non-forestry or forestry. This should have been included.
• If implemented, can these proposed amendments overtake / supersede the amendments done in the Constitution of India earlier as the 73rd-74th Amendments and the resulting provisions of Schedule XI?
• Can these amendments take revenue land within their purview although it is categorically a State subject in Schedule VII of the Constitution?

Source: TH

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